7. MVHR Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery & Heat Pumps
The primary technology delivering an 85-90% space heating reduction in passive steel buildings is Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR]. Opening windows to air out a home dumps expensive conditioned heat outdoors. MVHR recovers 85-92% of that exhaust heat while continuously introducing filtered fresh air.
MVHR Working Principle (Zehnder / Paul Architecture]
- Stale, humid air (approx. 21°C] is extracted from bathrooms, utility rooms and kitchens into a counterflow enthalpy core.
- Fresh outdoor air (e.g. 0°C in winter] crosses adjacent channels within the core, extracting heat without ever mixing air streams, warming to roughly 18.5°C.
- The warmed fresh air passes through an ISO ePM1 70% (F7] pollen filter before being distributed silently into bedrooms and living spaces.
Inverter Aerothermal Heat Pumps
Because a passive home requires minuscule annual space heating (max 15 kWh/m²a], fossil gas boilers are inefficient and obsolete. A compact modulating air-to-water heat pump (4-6 kW capacity] delivers a seasonal COP of 4.5, generating 4.5 kW of heat per 1 kW of electricity. Coupled with rooftop solar PV, operational heating and domestic hot water costs are reduced to near zero.